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Radish

Raphanus sativus
Also known as: Garden Radish

Radish is a vegetable in the Brassicaceae family. It grows best in full sun with medium moisture, and is listed for USDA zones 2-13. Plants reach harvest about 6–90 days after planting and sit about 3 inches apart.

Varieties

53 from True Leaf Market, High Mowing & Seeds Now · sorted by days to maturity
  • Rambo6–10 days

    Heirloom / Open Pollinated; Organic

    6-10 days. Organic Rambo Radish is another striking radish that boasts the same wonderful dark cotyledons as Sango radish. The rosy stems and bright floral flavor add both a tasty and spicy flair. Use instead of sliced radish anywhere you would normally use radish. Certified Organic.

    View on True Leaf Market
  • Green Stem8–12 days

    Container; Vegetable; Annual; Sprout; Open Pollinated; Heirloom

    8-12 Days to microgreen harvest. Raphanus Raphanistrum Sativus. Green Stem Radish Seeds. Annual, Non-GMO, Open Pollinated, Heirloom. These Green Stem Radishes are specifically intended to be used for sprouting and microgreens. Very popular in Japan. The seedlings have very light green stems and green leaves. They are quick-growing, crisp, tender, and have a nice flavor and pungency. Maturity is 8 to 12 days for microgreens. Non-GMO, Open Pollinated, Heirloom. ~ 3,000 seeds / oz.

    View on True Leaf Market
  • Hong Vit10–20 days

    Heirloom; Vegetable; Annual; Sprout; Container

    Radish Seeds - Hong Vit. Heirloom, Non-GMO. Annual. Raphanus sativus. Up to 10 days, 20 days baby leaf. Cool season. This variety is one of the most popular grown radish varieties for micro to full maturity. As a microgreen, it has green leaves with a red stem. For baby leaf greens, harvest the whole plant as the green leaves have minimal hair and the red roots are very small. ~ 3,500 seeds / oz.

    View on True Leaf Market
  • Purple Sango Radish10–15 days

    Microgreen

    Mild purple leaves and purple stems

    View on High Mowing
  • Halloween Mix20–30 days

    Container; Vegetable; Annual; Open Pollinated

    Halloween Mix Radish Seeds. 20 - 30 days to maturity. Can be grown in containers. Raphanus sativus. Open Pollinated. Annual. Halloween Mix contains purple yellow black and white radishes. Approximately 6,800 seeds/ounce.

    View on True Leaf Market
  • Sora20–26 days

    All season variety; Heat tolerant; Commercial quality; 1-1.25” round roots

    A classic red radish with crisp, succulent roots. Sora is a reliable all-season radish, but particularly excels in hot and dry conditions when other varieties are easily stressed. High quality, uniform roots form attractive bunches and resist pithiness. From the breeders at HILD.

    Growing notes: Days to maturity are from direct seeding. Radishes are hardy annuals. They can be direct seeded as soon as soil can be worked and are better adapted to the cooler temperatures and shorter days of spring and fall. Optimal soil temperature for germination is 65-85°F. Seedlings emerge within a few days. Thin if necessary to ensure even sizing. Plant every 10 days for a continual supply. Use floating row cover after seeding to prevent insect damage. Harvest radishes on time as they do not hold well in the field, especially in warm weather. Topped radishes will keep good quality for 3-4 weeks if stored at near freezing temperatures with high humidity in semi-permeable containers.

    View on High Mowing
  • Cherry Belle21–29 days

    Easy to grow; AAS Winner; Uniform .75-1” round roots

    Classic, smooth, red bunching radish with attractive, crispy white flesh. Uniform roots are much less subject to pithiness than other radishes. Easy and fast to grow, with strong, widely adaptable tops. A well-loved heirloom from Holland that has long refrigerator storage, maintaining quality and flavor. An All-America Selections (AAS) winner.

    Growing notes: Days to maturity are from direct seeding. Radishes are hardy annuals. They can be direct seeded as soon as soil can be worked and are better adapted to the cooler temperatures and shorter days of spring and fall. Optimal soil temperature for germination is 65-85°F. Seedlings emerge within a few days. Thin if necessary to ensure even sizing. Plant every 10 days for a continual supply. Use floating row cover after seeding to prevent insect damage. Harvest radishes on time as they do not hold well in the field, especially in warm weather. Topped radishes will keep good quality for 3-4 weeks if stored at near freezing temperatures with high humidity in semi-permeable containers.

    View on High Mowing
  • Confetti Mix (Organic)21–29 days

    Organic; Container; Vegetable; Annual

    Raphanus sativas. (25 days) Confetti is a fast maturing, colorful blend of white, red and bi colored radishes with a remarkable crisp flavor.

    View on True Leaf Market
  • National 321–29 days

    Bicolor; Resists cracking; All season production; 1” round roots

    Mildly flavored, bicolor radish with delicious, juicy flesh and irresistible market appeal. Plants are exceptionally quick to mature and resist cracking. Roots are uniform and round with gorgeous white roots contrasting to bright reddish-pink shoulders. An absolute beauty when bunched. From Sativa Seeds.

    Growing notes: Days to maturity are from direct seeding. Radishes are hardy annuals. They can be direct seeded as soon as soil can be worked and are better adapted to the cooler temperatures and shorter days of spring and fall. Optimal soil temperature for germination is 65-85°F. Seedlings emerge within a few days. Thin if necessary to ensure even sizing. Plant every 10 days for a continual supply. Use floating row cover after seeding to prevent insect damage. Harvest radishes on time as they do not hold well in the field, especially in warm weather. Topped radishes will keep good quality for 3-4 weeks if stored at near freezing temperatures with high humidity in semi-permeable containers.

    View on High Mowing
  • Patricia21–29 days

    Bicolor; Refined French Breakfast-type; All season production; 2-2.5" long roots

    An improved French Breakfast-type with beautiful rosy-pink color and uniform, elongated roots. Cylindrical roots are mostly pink with flashy white taproots. Fast maturing with short tops, making for efficient bunching. Excellent uniformity with pleasant texture and enjoyable, mild flavor. A showstopper on a farmers market table. From the breeders at HILD.

    Growing notes: Days to maturity are from direct seeding. Radishes are hardy annuals. They can be direct seeded as soon as soil can be worked and are better adapted to the cooler temperatures and shorter days of spring and fall. Optimal soil temperature for germination is 65-85°F. Seedlings emerge within a few days. Thin if necessary to ensure even sizing. Plant every 10 days for a continual supply. Use floating row cover after seeding to prevent insect damage. Harvest radishes on time as they do not hold well in the field, especially in warm weather. Topped radishes will keep good quality for 3-4 weeks if stored at near freezing temperatures with high humidity in semi-permeable containers.

    View on High Mowing
  • Purple Plum21–29 days

    Improved strain; Resists cracking; 1-1.5” round roots

    Vibrant purple roots with crisp texture and excellent resistance to splitting and pithiness. This improved strain was grown from stock seed carefully selected by Turtle Tree for uniform root development and reliable maturity. The unique, bright purple skin contrasts beautifully to the pearl-white interior flesh. Vigorous, firm, and great for mixed bunches

    Growing notes: Days to maturity are from direct seeding. Radishes are hardy annuals. They can be direct seeded as soon as soil can be worked and are better adapted to the cooler temperatures and shorter days of spring and fall. Optimal soil temperature for germination is 65-85°F. Seedlings emerge within a few days. Thin if necessary to ensure even sizing. Plant every 10 days for a continual supply. Use floating row cover after seeding to prevent insect damage. Harvest radishes on time as they do not hold well in the field, especially in warm weather. Topped radishes will keep good quality for 3-4 weeks if stored at near freezing temperatures with high humidity in semi-permeable containers.

    View on High Mowing
  • Valentine’s Day Blend21–29 days

    HMOS EXCLUSIVE; Eye-catching blend for market

    Well-balanced blend makes a sweet impression. An eye-catching blend sure to create a heartfelt sensation. Includes round red, pink, purple and white radishes for an early shot of color in an irresistible mixed bunch.

    Growing notes: Days to maturity are from direct seeding. Radishes are hardy annuals. They can be direct seeded as soon as soil can be worked and are better adapted to the cooler temperatures and shorter days of spring and fall. Optimal soil temperature for germination is 65-85°F. Seedlings emerge within a few days. Thin if necessary to ensure even sizing. Plant every 10 days for a continual supply. Use floating row cover after seeding to prevent insect damage. Harvest radishes on time as they do not hold well in the field, especially in warm weather. Topped radishes will keep good quality for 3-4 weeks if stored at near freezing temperatures with high humidity in semi-permeable containers.

    View on High Mowing
  • French Breakfast22–30 days

    Gourmet variety; 1-2” long roots

    Eye-catching deep pink roots with bright white tips and excellent eating quality. A French classic with oblong, blunt-tipped shape and healthy radish spiciness. Try them raw with butter and salt, or butter poached with sourdough bread and fresh herbs. Harvest on time; may become pithy if harvested late.

    Growing notes: Days to maturity are from direct seeding. Radishes are hardy annuals. They can be direct seeded as soon as soil can be worked and are better adapted to the cooler temperatures and shorter days of spring and fall. Optimal soil temperature for germination is 65-85°F. Seedlings emerge within a few days. Thin if necessary to ensure even sizing. Plant every 10 days for a continual supply. Use floating row cover after seeding to prevent insect damage. Harvest radishes on time as they do not hold well in the field, especially in warm weather. Topped radishes will keep good quality for 3-4 weeks if stored at near freezing temperatures with high humidity in semi-permeable containers.

    View on High Mowing
  • Golden Helios22–30 days

    Heirloom; Container; Vegetable; Annual

    Golden Helios Radish Seeds. 26 days to maturity. Raphanus sativus. Heirloom, Annual. Radish Helios was named after the Greek god of the sun. This olive-shaped radish is bright yellow with a white flesh. About 6,800 seeds/ounce.

    View on True Leaf Market
  • Shirahime Hatsuka Daikon22–30 days

    Heirloom; Container; Vegetable; Annual

    22 to 30 Days to maturity. Raphanus sativus. Shirashime Hatsuka Daikon Radish Heirloom Seeds. Cool Season Annual. A uniquely small daikon radish, Shirashime Hatsuka is hardy, quick to harvest, and mildly flavored. This variety can be harvested 20 days after planting and can grow up to 4 inches long and 1/2 inch in diameter. They look a little bit like small white carrots! If your climate is mild, they can be grown year-round. Otherwise, sow in spring or early fall. Shirashime Hatsuka radishes are mild and excellent for eating raw. ~ 3,800 seeds / oz.

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  • Pink Beauty23–31 days

    Uniform shape; 1-1.5” round roots

    Bright pink radish with crisp, white flesh that completely resists pithiness. Flesh has a distinctive and delicious flavor with pleasant, tender texture even when grown to large size. Attractive round to oval shape and medium-sized tops. Early, eye-catching spring offering.

    Growing notes: Days to maturity are from direct seeding. Radishes are hardy annuals. They can be direct seeded as soon as soil can be worked and are better adapted to the cooler temperatures and shorter days of spring and fall. Optimal soil temperature for germination is 65-85°F. Seedlings emerge within a few days. Thin if necessary to ensure even sizing. Plant every 10 days for a continual supply. Use floating row cover after seeding to prevent insect damage. Harvest radishes on time as they do not hold well in the field, especially in warm weather. Topped radishes will keep good quality for 3-4 weeks if stored at near freezing temperatures with high humidity in semi-permeable containers.

    View on High Mowing
  • White Icicle23–31 days

    Mild, pointed roots; Improved vigor and uniformity; 3-4” long roots

    Bright white radish for striking salads. Our improved strain from Swiss biodynamic seed company Sativa shows overall enhanced performance for a consistent harvest. Mild flavor and crunchy bite. Tops can be used as salad greens.

    Growing notes: Days to maturity are from direct seeding. Radishes are hardy annuals. They can be direct seeded as soon as soil can be worked and are better adapted to the cooler temperatures and shorter days of spring and fall. Optimal soil temperature for germination is 65-85°F. Seedlings emerge within a few days. Thin if necessary to ensure even sizing. Plant every 10 days for a continual supply. Use floating row cover after seeding to prevent insect damage. Harvest radishes on time as they do not hold well in the field, especially in warm weather. Topped radishes will keep good quality for 3-4 weeks if stored at near freezing temperatures with high humidity in semi-permeable containers.

    View on High Mowing
  • Lady Slipper24–32 days

    Heirloom; Container; Vegetable; Annual

    Non-GMO Heirloom Lady Slipper Radish is ready in 28 days. Beautiful soft-pink radish has an elongated body and roots. This radish has a smooth appearance and a crisp, mild, sweet flavor. Lady Slipper Radishes have a unique and striking appearance with a very mild taste. If you are looking to bring excitement to salads and veggie trays, this variety is it.

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  • Raxe24–32 days

    Improved round red; All season production; 1" round roots

    Improved round red radish with excellent flavor and nice, radish bite. Does well when grown throughout the season, resisting cracking and pithiness. Uniform and smooth roots are excellent for commercial production. From the breeders at HILD.

    Growing notes: Days to maturity are from direct seeding. Radishes are hardy annuals. They can be direct seeded as soon as soil can be worked and are better adapted to the cooler temperatures and shorter days of spring and fall. Optimal soil temperature for germination is 65-85°F. Seedlings emerge within a few days. Thin if necessary to ensure even sizing. Plant every 10 days for a continual supply. Use floating row cover after seeding to prevent insect damage. Harvest radishes on time as they do not hold well in the field, especially in warm weather. Topped radishes will keep good quality for 3-4 weeks if stored at near freezing temperatures with high humidity in semi-permeable containers.

    View on High Mowing
  • Beauty, Purple25–30 days

    Direct sow; Grows well in full sun; Grows well with containers; Grows well with raised beds; Matures in <90 days; Start indoors; Super easy to grow

    Produces beautiful purple radishes with a white flesh Looks amazing & Great for culinary dishes The flesh is crisp and mild in flavor Great for selling at farmers markets Unique and rare heirloom radish Grows well in containers and small spaces Days to Maturity | 25-30 days Additional Details Radishes are rich in ascorbic acid, folic acid, and potassium. They are a good source of vitamin B6, riboflavin, magnesium, copper, and calcium. One cup of sliced red radish bulbs provides approximately 20 calories, largely from carbohydrates Follow SeedsNow.com's board Radishes on Pinterest.

    View on Seeds Now
  • Beauty, White25–30 days

    Direct sow; Grows well in full sun; Grows well with containers; Grows well with raised beds; Matures in <90 days; Start indoors; Super easy to grow

    Produces white radishes that grow to 1.5" in diameter The white flesh is crisp and mild in flavor Great for selling at farmers markets Grows well in containers and small spaces Days to Maturity | 25-30 days Additional Details Radishes are rich in ascorbic acid, folic acid, and potassium. They are a good source of vitamin B6, riboflavin, magnesium, copper, and calcium. One cup of sliced red radish bulbs provides approximately 20 calories, largely from carbohydrates Follow SeedsNow.com's board Radishes on Pinterest.

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  • Champion25–30 days

    Direct sow; Grows well in full sun; Grows well with containers; Grows well with raised beds; Matures in <90 days; Start indoors; Super easy to grow

    AAS - All-America Selections Winner - The Champion Radish plant produces large and extremely tasty red cherry radishes They measure about the size of a silver dollar and have bright red solid skin One of the most popular and easiest radishes you can grow anywhere Grows well in small spaces Days to Maturity | 25-30 days Additional Details Radishes are rich in ascorbic acid, folic acid, and potassium. They are a good source of vitamin B6, riboflavin, magnesium, copper, and calcium. One cup of sliced red radish bulbs provides approximately 20 calories, largely from carbohydrates Follow SeedsNow.com's board Radishes on Pinterest.

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  • Easter Egg25–30 days

    Direct sow; Grows well in full sun; Grows well with containers; Grows well with raised beds; Matures in <90 days; Start indoors; Super easy to grow

    The Easter Egg Radish is just as the name suggests ... a mix of flavorful multi-colored radishes - Radishes are red, pink, purple, violet, and white - Excellent in salads - Extremely easy to grow - Grows well in small spaces Days to Maturity | 25-30 days Additional Details Radishes are rich in ascorbic acid, folic acid, and potassium. They are a good source of vitamin B6, riboflavin, magnesium, copper, and calcium. One cup of sliced red radish bulbs provides approximately 20 calories, largely from carbohydrates Follow SeedsNow.com's board Radishes on Pinterest.

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  • Easter Egg Blend25–30 days

    Heirloom; Container; Vegetable; Annual

    Non-GMO Easter Egg Blend Radish Seeds, Heirloom. Easter Egg Blend Radish Seeds are native to regions in Asia and were grown in Europe around 5,000 years ago. Freshly eaten radishes are known to provide a natural body cleanse and are rich in phytochemicals which promote digestive health. Radish was used in Ancient Chinese Medicine to cure respiratory illness. Easter Egg Blend Radish varieties thrive in cooler temperatures and will be one of the first colorful veggies to greet you in the garden. Easter Egg Radish plants are also great for pickling!

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  • German Giant25–30 days

    Heirloom; Container; Vegetable; Annual

    A customer favorite, Non- GMO German Giant Radish is reliable and large. Ready in 30 day, this variety is known for its size and can become as large as a baseball. Even though German Giant Radishes get large they do not get too fibrous like other radishes. Taste remain sweet and mild at large size as well.

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  • German Giant (Organic)25–33 days

    Heirloom; Organic; Container; Vegetable; Annual

    Raphanus R. sativus. (29 days) They call these radishes Giant for a reason! Delicious when they are the size of a quarter, but they can grow as large as a tennis ball!

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  • Sparkler25–30 days

    Direct sow; Grows well in full sun; Grows well with containers; Grows well with raised beds; Matures in <90 days; Start indoors; Super easy to grow

    The Sparkler Egg Radish is just as the name suggests ... a mix of round red and white radishes - Excellent in salads - Extremely easy to grow - Grows well in small spaces Days to Maturity | 25-30 days Additional Details Radishes are rich in ascorbic acid, folic acid, and potassium. They are a good source of vitamin B6, riboflavin, magnesium, copper, and calcium. One cup of sliced red radish bulbs provides approximately 20 calories, largely from carbohydrates Follow SeedsNow.com's board Radishes on Pinterest.

    View on Seeds Now
  • Hailstone (White)26–34 days

    Direct sow; Grows well in full sun; Grows well with containers; Grows well with raised beds; Matures in <90 days; Start indoors; Super easy to grow

    Raphanus sativus. Plant produces flavorful white round radishes - Radishes have a mild taste - Easy to grow and only less than a month to grow - Crisp and tender - Excellent for salads and other culinary creations Days to Maturity | 30 days Additional Details Radishes are rich in ascorbic acid, folic acid, and potassium. They are a good source of vitamin B6, riboflavin, magnesium, copper, and calcium. One cup of sliced red radish bulbs provides approximately 20 calories, largely from carbohydrates Follow SeedsNow.com's board Radishes on Pinterest.

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  • Crimson Giant29–40 days

    Heirloom; Container; Vegetable; Annual

    Raphanus sativus (29 to 40 days) Sometimes called Crimson "Giant Globe Radish" or "Giant Butter Radish". Crimson Giant Radish seeds grow large 1 1/2 - 2" globe shaped crimson red radishes. These great globes don't become hollow or pithy with their large size. Twice the size of Cherry Belle. The flavor is rich with a buttery texture yet mild and not hot. Approx. 2,625 seeds/ounce.

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  • Red Daikon (Ostergruss Rosa)30–45 days

    Heirloom; Vegetable; Annual

    30-45 days. Non-GMO, Heirloom. Red Daikon Radish Seeds (Ostergruss Rosa). Raphanus sativus. A tapered red radish measuring from 5 to 8 inches long. Bright white to pale rose, crisp flesh. Best planted in spring or fall. Can be grown over winter where the ground does not freeze. This remarkably potent garden radish is intended to keep you feeling and living your healthiest! Fresh and crisp, Red Daikon radish gives a boost when juicing. A great choice for microgreens also.

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  • Red Arrow34–46 days

    Heirloom; Container; Vegetable; Annual; open-pollinated

    40 Days to maturity. Raphanus sativus. Red Arrow Radish Seeds. Non-GMO, annual, open-pollinated, heirloom, winter radish. While this variety was developed for its bright red stems at the microgreen stage, it can still be grown as a Japanese Daikon-type root radish with pink skin and a white core. Unlike other spicy varieties, Red Arrow is only mildly spicy. ~ 2,800 seeds/oz.

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  • Daikon Minowase38–52 days

    Heirloom; Vegetable; Annual

    Raphanus sativus (45 days) AKA Japanese Minowase Daikon Radish. Daikon is a root vegetable reported to have originated in the Mediterranean and brought to China for cultivation around 500 B.C. Roots are large, often 2 to 4 inches in diameter and 6 to 20 inches long. Very easy to grow. Approx. 2,675 seeds per ounce.

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  • Japanese Minowase/Daikon "Big Root"38–52 days

    Direct sow; Grows well in full sun; Grows well with containers; Grows well with raised beds; Matures in <90 days; Start indoors; Super easy to grow

    The Japanese Minowase is a GIANT sized white radish - Mild flavor - World record size radish - The roots grow as long as 24" long x 3" across Days to Maturity | 45 days Additional Details Radishes are rich in ascorbic acid, folic acid, and potassium. They are a good source of vitamin B6, riboflavin, magnesium, copper, and calcium. One cup of sliced red radish bulbs provides approximately 20 calories, largely from carbohydrates Follow SeedsNow.com's board Radishes on Pinterest.

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  • Schwarzer Runder45–50 days

    Winter radish; Stores well; 2.5-3" round roots

    Unusual jet-black skin makes a gorgeous contrast with the bright white flesh. Also known as Black Winter radish with rich, spicy flavor excellent for salads and crudités. Coarse outer skin allows for exceptionally long storage in the ground or the root cellar. Often eaten in Germany as a “beer radish,” served thinly sliced with salt and paired with a light beer. From our friends at Sativa Seeds.

    Growing notes: Days to maturity are from direct seeding. Radishes are hardy annuals. They can be direct seeded as soon as soil can be worked and are better adapted to the cooler temperatures and shorter days of spring and fall. Optimal soil temperature for germination is 65-85°F. Seedlings emerge within a few days. Thin if necessary to ensure even sizing. Plant every 10 days for a continual supply. Use floating row cover after seeding to prevent insect damage. Harvest radishes on time as they do not hold well in the field, especially in warm weather. Topped radishes will keep good quality for 3-4 weeks if stored at near freezing temperatures with high humidity in semi-permeable containers.

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  • Black Spanish Round (Organic)47–63 days

    Heirloom; Organic; Container; Vegetable; Annual

    Raphanus sativus. (55 days) This radish was around when the Mona Lisa was painted! A true heirloom with a snowy white interior and jet black skin. 3-4" in size. Black Spanish is a great fall/winter planted radish. The flesh is crisp and warming. Perfect for salads or raw with a little salt. ~3,000 seeds/ounce.

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  • China Rose (Organic)47–63 days

    Heirloom; Organic; Container; Vegetable; Annual

    55 days. This popular radish for sprouting produces crisp rose colored winter radishes. Radishes are 8" long by 2" wide with rose colored skin and white flesh. Not suitable for hot summer areas, but excellent for fall planting in mild climates. A spicy sprout to add a little perk to sandwiches, salads etc. Mix with alfalfa sprouts for a favorite sandwich cruncher.

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  • Black Spanish Round50–70 days

    Heirloom; Container; Vegetable; Annual

    50-70 Days to maturity. Raphanus sativus. Black Spanish Round Radish Seeds. Non-GMO, annual, open-pollinated, heirloom. Also known as Noir Gros Rond D'hiver or Round Black Spanish Radish. Suitable for growing in fields, greenhouses, or raised beds. With a stunning black exterior and pure white flesh, this radish is a show-stopper! The Black Spanish Round Radish takes a bit longer than other radishes to mature, but makes a good keeper. Growers can expect a zippy flavor, a bit hotter than most. ~3,000 seeds/oz.

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  • Tokinashi All Season50–60 days

    Heirloom; Vegetable; Annual

    50 to 60 Days to maturity. Raphanus sativus. Tokinashi All Season Heirloom Radish Seeds. Cool Season Annual. Tokinashi All Season radishes are very popular in Japan and other Asian regions for their flavor and versatility. As its name implies, this variety can be grown year-round in some climates! They are slow to bolt so they can handle some heat. The roots will grow 10 to 16 inches long and 2 inches in diameter with a point like a carrot. Tokinashi radishes will always turn out high-quality, tasty, and beautifully white. ~ 3,800 seeds / oz.

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  • Alpine Gold - Hybrid51–69 days

    Vegetable; Annual

    60 days to maturity. Raphanus sativus. Alpine Gold Korean Radish Seeds. Hybrid, cool season annual, open pollinated. Alpine Gold radishes are a clean, crisp variety with smooth and polished roots. Compared to other radishes, Alpine Golds are sweeter, more disease tolerant, and slower to bolt! With soft green shoulders and creamy white flesh, these elegant radishes are sure to elevate any dish. Originally developed as a spring crop, they can also be sown in late summer or early fall. Approximately 2,200 seeds per ounce.

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  • Bora King - Hybrid51–69 days

    Vegetable; Annual

    60 days to maturity. Raphanus sativus. Bora King Hybrid Korean Radish Seeds. Cool season annual. Bora King radishes live up to their royal name by being a gorgeous purple all the way through! Its bright green tops contrast beautifully with the roots, and they're both edible and delicious. Slow to bolt and easy to grow, Bora King radishes are a truly unique variety that you won't regret trying. Buy some today and wow your friends with some delicious, visually stunning dishes this fall. Approximately 3,000 seeds / oz.

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  • China White Winter51–69 days

    Heirloom; Vegetable; Annual

    China White Winter Radish Seeds. 60 days to maturity. Raphanus sativus. Heirloom, Annual. A light frost tolerant heirloom dating back to the late 1800s. Produces long, cylindrical radishes of 6 to 8 inches in length and about 2 inches in diameter. Approximately 6,800 seeds/ounce.

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  • Green Meat Luobo51–69 days

    Heirloom; Vegetable; Annual

    60 Days to maturity. Raphanus sativus. Green Meat Luobo Chinese Radish Heirloom Seeds. Cool Season Annual. Unlike other Chinese radishes, Green Luobos aren’t globe-shaped—instead, they grow as big as 10” long! Another way they differ is their bright green flesh which looks almost like a cucumber. They are as sweet and crisp as other varieties but can have more bite if allowed to grow. Plant them in late summer and harvest pain-free in the fall. This variety produces uniform roots that are great for storing! ~ 2,100 seeds / oz.

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  • Shin Dong Ha - Hybrid51–69 days

    Vegetable; Annual

    Resistance: HR: Bacterial Soft Rot

    60 days to maturity. Raphanus sativus. Shin Dong Ha Korean Hybrid Radish Seeds. Hybrid, warm to mild season annual. Korean radishes are similar in flavor and texture to daikon, so if that’s something you enjoy, try Shin Dong Ha radishes! They are a beautiful white radish with a mild flavor. This variety grows very quickly, and can get as big as two to three pounds! As a bonus, they have great bacterial soft rot resistance and can be stored for a long time. Try this oval-shaped radish variety today, and you won’t regret it! ~ 7,100 seeds / oz.

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  • Starburst - Hybrid51–69 days

    Container; Vegetable; Annual

    60 Days to maturity. Raphanus sativus. Starburst Chinese Radish Hybrid Seeds. Cool Season Annual. Starburst radishes are part of the watermelon radish group, which means that you’ll find bright red flesh under that clean white skin! This variety is best planted in early spring or fall, making it one of your earliest garden treats. The roots will grow as big as tangerines. In some parts of China, watermelon radishes are carved into flower shapes! ~ 3,500 seeds / oz.

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  • Watermelon51–69 days

    Winter radish; Stores well; 2.5-3” round roots

    White-skinned radish with mildly sweet, vibrant pink flesh for fall salads. Chinese ball-shaped radish with crispy bright pink flesh, white skin and green shoulders. Excellent in salads, as a garnish or cooked. Best grown in fall and can store through winter.

    Growing notes: Days to maturity are from direct seeding. Radishes are hardy annuals. They can be direct seeded as soon as soil can be worked and are better adapted to the cooler temperatures and shorter days of spring and fall. Optimal soil temperature for germination is 65-85°F. Seedlings emerge within a few days. Thin if necessary to ensure even sizing. Plant every 10 days for a continual supply. Use floating row cover after seeding to prevent insect damage. Harvest radishes on time as they do not hold well in the field, especially in warm weather. Topped radishes will keep good quality for 3-4 weeks if stored at near freezing temperatures with high humidity in semi-permeable containers.

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  • Minowase Summer Cross #3 - Hybrid55–60 days

    Vegetable; Annual

    Radish Seeds - Minowase Summer Cross #3 - Hybrid. Non-GMO. Raphanus sativus. 55-60 days. Annual. This popular Japanese hybrid radish (daikon) has a long, white tapered root that is mildly pungent. They can reach 16" long and weigh 1.75 lbs. It is the finest radish variety for summer to fall harvest with good heat tolerance. ~ 3,500 seeds / oz.

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  • Karaine - Hybrid59–81 days

    Vegetable; Annual

    70 days to maturity. Raphanus sativus. Karaine Hot Radish Seeds, Hybrid. Cool season annual, non-GMO. Hot radishes are a unique and flavorful variety of daikon that get their name from their sharp kick! Their lower moisture content makes their flavor stronger. Award -winning Karaine hot radishes are a great choice whether you are a beginner, or a daikon expert! Expect them to grow around six inches long and three inches in diameter. Approximately 2,500 seeds / oz.

    View on True Leaf Market
  • Cheong Du - Hybrid60–65 days

    Vegetable; Annual

    60 to 65 days to maturity. Raphanus sativus. Cheong Du Korean Radish Seeds. Hybrid, cool season annual. Cheong Du radishes are a common, popular variety in Korea. Their name means "green head", which is quite literal: the roots have green shoulders! They are also quite flavorful and have crisp, well-textured flesh. It's easy to see why they're popular! They grow to be eight to ten inches long and weigh around two to three pounds. This is a great variety if you want to try growing Korean radishes. Approximately 4,500 seeds / oz.

    View on True Leaf Market
  • Fall Storage - Hybrid60–65 days

    Vegetable; Annual

    60 to 65 days to maturity. Raphanus sativus. Fall Storage Korean Radish Seeds. Cool season hybrid annual. This Korean radish variety is known for its longevity; it can be stored for as long as four months after harvest without losing any of its great flavor! Start it in the late summer or early fall. Besides its great shelf life, Fall Storage radishes have the same bright flavor and crisp texture you know and love from Korean radishes. Make sure you buy plenty of seeds to have radishes in storage for months! Approximately 4,000 seeds / oz.

    View on True Leaf Market
  • Red Meat60–70 days

    Heirloom; Vegetable; Annual

    60 to 70 Days to maturity. Raphanus sativus. Red Meat Chinese Radish Seeds. Cool Season Annual, Heirloom. Red Meat radishes, originally from Northern China, are a gorgeous watermelon radish with amazing flavor! While they still have that radish kick, these radishes are also shockingly sweet. Their green shoulders and white skin are clean and appealing, while their juicy red flesh is sure to be a crowd pleaser. This variety will bolt very easily, so grow them as a winter crop for the best results. The tops are delicious too! Red Meat radishes are an all-around perfect choice. ~ 3,625 seeds / oz.

    View on True Leaf Market
  • Tilling Radish60–90 days

    Sow in fall; Fast growing; Builds biomass

    Excellent fall cover crop for reducing compaction and building soil organic matter. Fast-growing crop provides excellent weed suppression. Taproots up to 30” long aerate the soil, reduce compaction, scavenge nutrients, lighten clay soils and increase yields. Sow 8-10 lbs/acre 4-10 weeks before the first killing frost. Raphanus sativus. Seeding rate: 8-10 lbs/acre, 1/4 lb/1,000 sq ft. Phacelia Tilling Radish Commercial Grower Sales Representative Ada standing in a blooming field of buckwheat cover crop. Oats Common Buckwheat

    Growing notes: Cover crops can be used to improve soil health through a wide variety of mechanisms. These mechanisms include adding organic matter and nutrients, smothering weeds, breaking up compacted soil, preventing erosion, providing forage and attracting beneficial insects. Noted below each item name is when the crop should be sown and some of its primary uses. Most cover crops are intended to be mowed or tilled-in several weeks before planting of vegetable crops. Generally, home gardeners can plant cover crops by broadcast sowing over freshly turned soil, ideally before it rains. Just before the cover crops set seed they can be cut with a scythe or mower and then be turned under with a rototiller. Annual cover crops that winter-kill may be easier to grow. Visit highmowingseeds.com for more info.

    View on High Mowing
  • Big Time Hybrid (Treated)65–80 days

    Vegetable; Annual

    65 to 80 days to maturity. Raphanus sativus. Big Time Korean Radish Hybrid Seeds. Hybrid, cool season annual. Big Time Korean radishes, unlike other Korean radishes, are a spring season radish that can be planted early in the season. They have deep green shoulders that fade into bright white roots. These mild, delicious radishes grow up to eight inches long and three inches in diameter, and every bite is perfectly crisp. Big Time radishes are easy to grow, too–they are resistant to bolting and have a great heat tolerance! Approximately 3,200 seeds / oz. This seed is treated with a fungicide designed to prevent or reduce seed rot in the soil. It does not affect the plant or the produce from the plant. This seed is intended for planting only. Do not eat this seed or use it for oil or animal feed. Keep this seed out of the reach of children. Wash hands after handling.

    View on True Leaf Market
  • Sakurajima Mammoth80–90 days

    Heirloom; Container; Vegetable; Annual

    80 to 90 Days to maturity. Raphanus sativus. Sakurajima Mammoth Heirloom Seeds. Cool Season Annual. Known as the “Largest Radish in the World” in Japan, Sakurajima Mammoth radishes can grow as big as 100 pounds! More often though it reaches about 15 pounds and can be harvested when 10 inches in diameter for the best flavor. Despite its size, this variety is sweet, mild, and crisp. Plant this round white variety in early fall and harvest in the winter. Then, use it for cooking and pickling. ~ 1,600 seeds / oz.

    View on True Leaf Market
Family
Brassicaceae
Category
Vegetable
Form
Root
Lifecycle
annual
Zone
2-13
Height
0.5–1 ft
Spread
0.16666666666666666–0.3333333333333333 ft
Sun
Full sun

Plant spacing

16 plants per square footSquare-foot planting diagram: a 1-foot square divided into a 4-by-4 grid holding 16 radish plants spaced 3 inches apart.
16 plants per square foot

In a square-foot bed, space radish about 3 in apart — that fits 16 plants in each 1-foot square (4×4). Wider rows or containers space the same.

Water
Medium

Plan your radish planting

Add radish to a free GardenDraft plan and get sow, transplant, and harvest dates computed for your ZIP code — with a drag-and-drop bed layout and reminders when it’s time to plant.

Start your free plan →

At a glance

Days to harvest
6–90 days
From transplant or sow to first harvest
Harvest style
Harvest once
One main harvest
After harvest
Use right away
Quality drops fast past peak
Frost tolerance
Semi-hardy · to ~24°F
Lowest temperature the foliage usually survives
Succession
Re-sow every 14 days
Sow again at this interval for a continuous harvest
Germination
~75%
Typical minimum germination rate

Storing & preserving

Best used right away — quality drops fast. Trim tops and refrigerate, or store in damp sand in a cool spot for months.

  • Freeze: Blanch briefly, cool, then freeze — keeps color and texture.
  • Pickle: Quick-pickle or can as a pickled product.

General home-preservation guidance — for tested processing times and safety, follow the National Center for Home Food Preservation.

Growing timeline

When to plant and harvest radishPlanting timeline for radish, relative to last frost: grow from 5 weeks before last frost to 4 weeks before last frost; harvest from 4 weeks before last frost to 8 weeks after last frost.HarvestLast frostDirect sow
Direct-sow radish 5 weeks before last frost; first harvest 4 weeks before last frost.
Outdoor planting
-35 to 0 days vs frost
Propagation
Seed
Schedule anchor
Last Frost

Companion planting — with cited sources

From US/Canada cooperative-extension publications and peer-reviewed studies. Evidence-tier dots show how strongly each recommendation is backed: ●●● peer-reviewed mechanism · ●● extension consensus · traditional knowledge with a plausible mechanism.

Pairs well with (3)

  • CarrotEvidence tier C: Traditional practice with plausible mechanism but limited empirical replicationshade-shelter, weed-suppression

    Radish is widely recommended by extension home-garden references as a row-marker and bed-cover crop for slow-germinating carrots: fast radish germination breaks crust, suppresses weeds, and harvests in 25-30 days before carrots size up. Mechanism is physical / cultural rather than chemical.

    Timing: Co-sow radish with carrot; harvest radish within 30 days so it does not compete with thickening carrot roots.

    Source: S1, University of Maryland Extension, S13

  • Common LettuceEvidence tier C: Traditional practice with plausible mechanism but limited empirical replicationshade-shelter

    Radish and lettuce share cool-season culture; radish matures quickly and is harvested before lettuce reaches full size. Spatial intercrop.

    Source: University of Maryland Extension

  • Common SpinachEvidence tier C: Traditional practice with plausible mechanism but limited empirical replicationshade-shelter

    Quick-germinating radish marks rows and provides early bed cover for slower-establishing spinach; harvested before competition becomes significant.

    Source: University of Maryland Extension

Avoid planting near (1)

  • Common CabbageEvidence tier C: Traditional practice with plausible mechanism but limited empirical replicationalternate-host-pest

    Radish is a brassica and shares clubroot, flea beetle, and cabbage aphid with cole crops. Extension references advise treating radish as part of the brassica rotation rather than interplanting freely with cabbage.

    Source: University of Maryland Extension

Trap crops for this plant (5)

  • Common CucumberEvidence tier B: Extension consensus across multiple US/Canada land-grant institutionstrap-crop, pest-deter

    Radish interplanted in cucumber rows is consistently cited in US/Canada extension guides as a partial deterrent and alternate feeding host for striped cucumber beetle. SARE-funded organic vegetable trials and Agriculture Canada research support modest reductions in beetle damage; effect size is moderate, not eliminative.

    Timing: Sow radish at cucumber direct-seed/transplant to provide cover during the vulnerable early-vine stage.

    Source: Penn State Extension, SARE, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

  • HoneydewEvidence tier B: Extension consensus across multiple US/Canada land-grant institutionstrap-crop, pest-deter

    Radish intercrop reduces cucumber beetle pressure on young melon vines.

    Source: SARE, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

  • MuskmelonEvidence tier B: Extension consensus across multiple US/Canada land-grant institutionstrap-crop, pest-deter

    Interplanted radish reduces striped cucumber beetle feeding pressure on melon vines in early growth, documented in SARE and Agriculture Canada research.

    Timing: Sow radish at melon transplant.

    Source: SARE, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

  • WatermelonEvidence tier B: Extension consensus across multiple US/Canada land-grant institutionstrap-crop, pest-deter

    Interplanting radish with cucurbits has been shown to reduce striped cucumber beetle damage in several extension and SARE-funded trials. Radish acts as an alternate feeding host and also flowers can attract beneficials. The effect is partial and context-dependent.

    Timing: Sow radish at the same time as melon transplant to provide cover during the beetle's most damaging early-vine stage.

    Source: SARE, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

  • Summer SquashEvidence tier C: Traditional practice with plausible mechanism but limited empirical replicationtrap-crop

    Radish (especially Daikon and oilseed-types) interplanted in summer squash is cited by extension references as a trap and partial deterrent for striped cucumber beetle (Acalymma vittatum). Replicated trials show some effect but variable across sites.

    Source: S5, University of Maryland Extension

Sources cited

S1
Cornell University Cooperative Extension — vegetable production guides
S13
University of New Hampshire Extension
S18
SARE (Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education)
S25
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
S5
Michigan State University Extension
S6
Penn State Extension
S9
University of Maryland Extension — Home & Garden Info Center

Care & troubleshooting— extension-sourced, with citations

When to feed, prune & water

Attract beneficial insects and protect pollinators

Protection
  • Routine carePlant insectary flowers and tolerate light pestsstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Grow a diversity of flowering plants (including small-flowered umbels and asters) to feed predators and parasitoids, and tolerate low pest numbers so natural enemies have prey to stick around.

    Source: UC IPM; UMN Extension

  • Routine careNever spray open bloomsstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Avoid insecticides on flowering plants and apply any needed sprays in the evening when pollinators aren't active, and favor selective products over broad-spectrum ones to spare bees and beneficials.

    Source: UC IPM

Feed brassicas while heading

Feeding
  • Routine careSide-dress nitrogen every 3-4 weeks· every 24 days · ~9 wksstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Brassicas are heavy nitrogen feeders. Side-dress with a nitrogen-rich amendment every 3-4 weeks during active growth until heads/leaves near harvest size.

    Source: UMN Extension

Mulch to suppress weeds and retain moisture

Mulch
  • Routine careApply organic mulch around plantsstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Spread a few inches of straw, shredded leaves, or compost around established plants (keeping it off stems) to hold soil moisture, suppress weeds, and moderate soil temperature; wait until soil has warmed for heat-loving crops.

    Source: UMN Extension; Missouri Botanical Garden

Plan crop rotation

Rotation
  • Routine careRotate plant families between bedsstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Avoid planting the same family in the same bed in consecutive years (aim for a 3+ year gap), grouping crops by family so soilborne diseases and pests that build up don't carry over to the next susceptible crop.

    Source: UMN Extension; Cornell

  • Routine careSequence for soil healthmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    Follow heavy feeders like tomatoes and brassicas with legumes or a cover crop to support soil fertility and structure, and keep simple notes each year so you can track where each family grew.

    Source: UMN Extension

Protect the garden from deer

Protection
  • Routine careFence the gardenstrong evidence — extension confidence

    A fence about 8 feet tall and tight to the ground is the most reliable barrier; an outward-angled or double fence, or monofilament line strung at 30 to 36 inches, can also deter deer on smaller beds.

    Source: UMN Extension; Cornell CCE

  • Routine careRotate repellents as a supplement· every 2 wksmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    Where fencing isn't feasible, apply odor/taste repellents and alternate formulations, reapplying every couple of weeks and after rain; combining repellents with fencing works best.

    Source: UMN Extension; PennState Extension

Protect the garden from rabbits and voles

Protection
  • Routine careFence out rabbitsstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Surround beds with 1-inch mesh chicken wire at least 2 feet tall with the bottom buried or staked down a few inches so rabbits can't push under it.

    Source: UMN Extension; Cornell CCE

  • Routine careReduce vole habitat and guard stemsstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Keep grass and mulch pulled back from plant bases and crowns to remove vole cover, mow surrounding vegetation, and use hardware-cloth guards around vulnerable woody stems before winter.

    Source: UMN Extension; Cornell CCE

Buttoning (Broccoli/Cauliflower)

Disorder

Unusual this time of year.

  • CulturalUse young, well-hardened transplants and avoid cold stressstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Set out vigorous, properly hardened-off transplants that have not become overgrown, and avoid transplanting into prolonged cold (roughly below 50F for many days), since cold and stress at this stage cause premature tiny heads.

    Source: Univ. of Delaware Extension; UMass Extension

  • CulturalKeep plants growing steadilymoderate evidence — extension confidence

    Maintain adequate fertility and moisture so plants grow without checks, since low fertility, drought, or other stress also trigger buttoning.

    Source: Univ. of Delaware Extension; USU Extension

Clean up debris and sanitize at season end

Sanitation

Unusual this time of year.

  • Routine careRemove spent plants and fallen debrisstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Pull and clear old plants, dropped fruit, and leaf litter at season end, since many pests and diseases overwinter in this debris; dispose of diseased material rather than composting it.

    Source: UMN Extension; Cornell

  • Routine careClean tools, stakes, and cagesmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    Wash and sanitize stakes, cages, and tools that touched diseased plants before storing or reusing them to avoid carrying pathogens into next season.

    Source: Cornell; UMN Extension

Cutworm collars at transplant

Protection

Unusual this time of year.

  • Routine careSet a collar around each new transplantstrong evidence — extension confidence

    When setting out transplants, slip a collar (a toilet-paper tube, paper cup with the bottom cut out, or similar) around each stem and press it a couple inches into the soil so it stands a few inches above ground, blocking cutworms from the stem.

    Source: UMN Extension: Cutworms; UC IPM: Cutworms

Floating row cover timing

Protection

Unusual this time of year.

Harden off seedlings

Protection

Unusual this time of year.

Read: starting seeds indoors

Succession-sow quick crops

Care

Unusual this time of year.

Something looks wrong?

Describe what you see on your radishand we'll rank the likely causes — most likely first, least-invasive fix first.

Bacterial soft rot

Diseasesevere

Symptoms: mushy water-soaked decay of fleshy tissue; slimy soft rot of heads, bulbs, roots, or fruit; foul odor from rotting tissue; rapid collapse after wounding or in warm wet conditions; rot spreading in storage

  • CulturalRemove rotting plants and produce (manage, not cure)strong evidence — extension confidence

    Soft rot can't be cured once tissue breaks down; promptly remove and discard affected plants and produce so the bacteria don't spread to neighbors or other stored vegetables.

    Source: Cornell NYS IPM

  • CulturalAvoid wounds and excess moisturestrong evidence — extension confidence

    Harvest in dry conditions, handle gently to avoid bruising, control insects that create entry wounds, and improve drainage; cure and store bulbs and roots cool and dry.

    Source: Cornell NYS IPM

  • CulturalDon't overwater and rotatemoderate evidence — extension confidence

    Avoid waterlogged soil and overhead watering that splashes bacteria, and rotate away from previously affected fleshy crops to lower disease pressure.

    Source: Cornell NYS IPM

Black rot (brassicas)

Diseasesevere

Symptoms: yellow V-shaped lesions from the leaf margin inward; blackened veins; spreads in warm wet weather

  • CulturalRemove plants; rotate; use clean seedstrong evidence — extension confidence

    A bacterial disease with no cure. Pull infected plants, rotate brassicas 2-3 years, use hot-water-treated or certified seed, and avoid working plants when wet.

    Source: Cornell Vegetable MD Online

Clubroot

Diseasesevere

Symptoms: stunted wilting brassicas that perk up overnight then fade; swollen distorted club-like roots

  • CulturalRotate widely and raise soil pHstrong evidence — extension confidence

    A soilborne disease that persists for years. Avoid brassicas in that bed for 5-7 years, improve drainage, and liming toward pH 7.2 suppresses it.

    Source: UMN Extension: Clubroot

White mold (Sclerotinia stem rot)

Diseasesevere

Symptoms: water-soaked stem or branch lesions; fluffy white cottony mold on stems and pods; sudden wilting of part of a plant; hard black sclerotia inside or on stems; collapse during cool wet bloom periods

  • CulturalRemove infected plants (manage, not cure)strong evidence — extension confidence

    There's no cure for an infected plant; cut out and bag affected plants including the black sclerotia, and don't compost them, since sclerotia survive years in soil.

    Source: UMN Extension; UC IPM

  • CulturalOpen the canopy and rotatestrong evidence — extension confidence

    Space plants widely, control weeds, orient rows to prevailing wind, and avoid overhead watering at bloom to dry the canopy; rotate to non-host crops (corn or other grasses) for several years.

    Source: UMN Extension; UC IPM

  • CulturalWater at the base, not overheadmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    Use drip or soaker irrigation to keep foliage and the soil surface drier, which discourages the sclerotia germination and mycelial growth that drive white mold.

    Source: UC IPM

Alternaria Leaf Spot / Head Rot (Brassicas)

Diseasemoderate

Symptoms: dark brown-to-black circular leaf spots with target-like concentric rings; chlorotic halos around spots; spots first on lower leaves; dark sunken spots on cauliflower curds and cabbage heads

  • CulturalUse clean seed, rotate, and bury debrisstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Plant certified clean seed, rotate about 3 years away from brassicas, and remove or bury crop debris since lower-leaf lesions seed infection of heads.

    Source: UMN Extension; Cornell

  • CulturalAvoid excess nitrogen and improve airflowmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    Avoid over-fertilizing with nitrogen and space plants for good airflow, since dense, lush canopies and high humidity worsen the disease.

    Source: UMass Extension; UGA Extension

  • ChemicalApply fungicide preventively, rotating FRAC groups· every 1 wkstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Apply fungicide before disease establishes and rotate among different FRAC groups (e.g., groups 7, 3, and 9) per the label for resistance management.

    Always follow the product label — it is the law.

    Source: Cornell; UMN Extension

Cabbage aphid

Pestmoderate

Symptoms: gray-green waxy aphid colonies on undersides and in growing tips; clusters deep in heads and sprouts; curled puckered young leaves; stunted plants

Cabbage white & looper caterpillars

Pestmoderate

Symptoms: ragged holes chewed in leaves; green caterpillars on undersides; dark frass pellets; white butterflies around plants

  • CulturalHand-pick + insect netting· every 3 days · ~3 wksstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Pick caterpillars by hand and cover plants with insect netting to block egg-laying butterflies.

    Source: Cornell Cooperative Extension

  • OrganicBt (Bacillus thuringiensis) - label use only· every 1 wk · ~3 wksmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    Spray Bt var. kurstaki on leaf undersides per label; reapply after rain. Spares pollinators.

    Always follow the product label — it is the law.

    Source: Cornell Cooperative Extension

Damping-off (seedlings)

Diseasemoderate

Symptoms: seedlings flop over and collapse at the soil line; thin water-soaked pinched stem base; fungus gnats or constantly wet mix

  • CulturalDry out, ventilate, sow into clean mixstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Use sterile seed-starting mix, bottom-water and let the surface dry between waterings, add airflow, and don't over-sow. Damping-off can't be cured once a seedling collapses.

    Source: UMN Extension: Damping-off

Read: starting seeds indoors

Diamondback Moth (Brassicas)

Pestmoderate

Symptoms: small green caterpillars wriggling when disturbed; windowpane feeding (lower leaf surface left intact); shot-hole and irregular holes in leaves; feeding damage on heads and growing points

  • CulturalScout, use row cover, and conserve natural enemiesstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Scout undersides of leaves, exclude moths with floating row cover on young plants, and conserve parasitoid wasps that control this pest.

    Source: UMN Extension; UC IPM

  • OrganicTarget young larvae and rotate modes of action· every 1 wkstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Treat small larvae with Bt (B. thuringiensis) or a spinosyn product, and rotate classes every application per the label, since diamondback moth readily develops insecticide resistance.

    Always follow the product label — it is the law.

    Source: UC IPM; Clemson Extension

Downy Mildew (Brassicas)

Diseasemoderate

Symptoms: small angular yellow lesions on upper leaf surface; gray-to-white fuzzy spore growth on leaf undersides; necrotic cotyledon spots on seedlings; internal black streaking in cauliflower/broccoli heads

  • CulturalImprove airflow and manage seedling moisturestrong evidence — extension confidence

    Space plants, improve air circulation, and irrigate early in the day, since cool nights with high humidity, fog, or dew favor this oomycete, especially in seedling beds.

    Source: NC State Extension; UMass Extension

  • CulturalRotate and use resistant varietiesstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Rotate at least 2 years away from brassicas and choose downy-mildew-resistant varieties where available, recognizing resistance varies with local pathogen strains.

    Source: NC State Extension; UMass Extension

  • ChemicalApply fungicide preventively in seedling/transplant stage· every 1 wkmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    Protect transplants and young crops with an oomycete-active fungicide preventively, rotating modes of action per the label.

    Always follow the product label — it is the law.

    Source: NC State Extension; PNW Handbooks

Harlequin bug

Pestmoderate

Symptoms: white or yellow stippled blotches on leaves resembling tie-dye; wilting or whitening of brassica foliage; black-and-orange shield-shaped bugs; barrel-shaped black-and-white striped egg rows on leaf undersides

  • CulturalSanitation and exclusionstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Destroy old cole crops and weedy mustards that serve as breeding sites, clean up debris in early spring before populations build, and use insect netting or row cover over young brassicas.

    Source: UC IPM; Clemson HGIC

  • CulturalHand-pick bugs and eggs· every 3 daysstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Pick adults, nymphs, and the distinctive striped egg rows into soapy water; consistent removal early in the season keeps small plantings ahead of this pest.

    Source: Clemson HGIC; UC IPM

  • OrganicTreat nymphs if needed· every 1 wkmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    If nymphs are abundant, a spinosad product can help per the label; essential-oil products have tested poorly, so rely mainly on sanitation, netting, and hand-picking.

    Always follow the product label — it is the law.

    Source: Clemson land-grant research

Slugs & snails

Pestmoderate

Symptoms: large ragged holes with smooth edges; slimy silvery trails; damage worst after rain and overnight

  • CulturalTrap, hand-pick at night, reduce cover· every 2 days · ~3 wksstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Pick at night with a flashlight, set shallow beer traps, water in the morning so soil dries by dusk, and clear damp hiding spots.

    Source: UC IPM: Snails and Slugs

  • OrganicIron-phosphate bait - label use only· every 1 wk · ~3 wksmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    Scatter a labeled iron-phosphate slug bait sparingly per the label; it's pet- and wildlife-safer than metaldehyde.

    Always follow the product label — it is the law.

    Source: UC IPM

Stink bugs (brown marmorated and native)

Pestmoderate

Symptoms: cloudy or corky spots on fruit; dimpled or pitted fruit; catfacing on tomatoes; shield-shaped brown or green bugs; barrel-shaped egg clusters on leaf undersides

  • CulturalExclude with row cover and clear nearby weedsstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Cover susceptible crops with floating row cover before bugs arrive, and remove weeds and groundcover near the garden in early spring where stink bugs feed before moving to crops. Lift covers on flowering crops that need pollination.

    Source: UMN Extension; UC IPM Pest Notes

  • CulturalHand-pick bugs and egg masses· every 3 daysstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Scout in the morning and drop adults, nymphs, and egg clusters into a bucket of soapy water; regular hand-picking keeps low populations in check since most garden insecticides work poorly on adults.

    Source: UMN Extension; UC IPM

  • OrganicSpot-treat young nymphs if numbers climb· every 1 wkmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    If small nymphs are abundant, a botanical such as pyrethrin or azadirachtin, or insecticidal oil, may give some suppression per the label; adults are largely unaffected, so rely mainly on exclusion and hand-picking.

    Always follow the product label — it is the law.

    Source: UC IPM

Tarnished plant bug / lygus

Pestmoderate

Symptoms: deformed or puckered new growth; pitted or scarred stems and leaves; aborted or misshapen buds and fruit; catfaced or dimpled strawberries; small bronze-green bugs with triangular back marking

  • CulturalManage surrounding weedsstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Keep broadleaf weeds mowed or removed around the garden, since lygus build up on flowering weeds and move to crops as those weeds dry down; avoid mowing large weedy areas right beside fruiting crops at bloom.

    Source: UC IPM

  • CulturalVacuum or shake plants to monitor and reduce· every 5 daysmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    Tap plants over a light-colored tray to check for nymphs; a handheld vacuum used once or twice weekly can hold low to moderate numbers down on small plantings.

    Source: UC IPM

  • OrganicTreat nymphs if damage is building· every 1 wkmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    For active nymph infestations, azadirachtin or a Beauveria bassiana product can give some control per the label; preserve the parasitic wasps and other natural enemies that help suppress lygus.

    Always follow the product label — it is the law.

    Source: UC IPM

White Rust (Brassicas/Crucifers)

Diseasemoderate

Symptoms: white-to-cream raised blister-like pustules on leaf undersides; yellow blotches on upper leaf surface; swollen distorted stems and flower stalks (staghead); pustules on radish leaves

Whiteflies

Pestmoderate

Symptoms: clouds of tiny white insects fly up when plants are disturbed; yellowing stippled leaves; sticky honeydew and black sooty mold; weak stunted growth

  • CulturalRemove infested leaves and hose off· every 4 daysmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    Pick off and discard heavily infested lower leaves and rinse colonies off undersides with a strong spray of water; yellow sticky cards help monitor numbers.

    Source: UC IPM: Whiteflies

  • OrganicApply a labeled soap or oil· every 1 wk · ~3 wksmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    Apply a labeled insecticidal soap or neem oil per the label, covering leaf undersides; these reduce but won't eliminate whiteflies, so repeat as needed.

    Always follow the product label — it is the law.

    Source: UC IPM: Whiteflies

Cabbage & onion root maggots

Pestmoderate

Unusual this time of year.

Symptoms: young brassica or onion transplants wilt and stunt; bluish off-color leaves; white legless maggots in roots; rotting tunneled roots; plants pull up easily

Cutworms

Pestmoderate

Unusual this time of year.

Symptoms: seedlings cut off at soil line; transplants toppled overnight; wilted clipped plants in a row; chewed stems near ground; gray-brown caterpillars curled in soil

  • CulturalPlace stem collars on transplantsstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Push a collar (cardboard tube, can, or cup with bottom removed) a couple inches into the soil around each stem so it extends a few inches above ground; this blocks cutworms from reaching the stem.

    Source: UMN Extension: Cutworms; UC IPM: Cutworms

  • CulturalScout soil and hand-remove· every 3 days · ~2 wksstrong evidence — extension confidence

    In the evening or early morning, check the soil around damaged plants and remove curled larvae by hand; tilling beds about two weeks before planting also reduces larvae and pupae.

    Source: UMN Extension: Cutworms; UC IPM: Cutworms

  • OrganicApply a labeled Bt or spinosad· every 1 wk · ~3 wksmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    If damage continues, apply a labeled Bacillus thuringiensis (kurstaki) or spinosad product per the label, targeting small larvae; Bt works best on young first- and second-instar cutworms.

    Always follow the product label — it is the law.

    Source: UC IPM: Cutworms

Flea beetles

Pestmoderate

Unusual this time of year.

Symptoms: tiny shot-hole pits all over young leaves; tiny black beetles that jump when disturbed; worst on seedlings

  • CulturalRow cover seedlingsstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Float insect netting over seedlings until they're large enough to outgrow damage; remove for flowering crops needing pollination.

    Source: UMN Extension: Flea Beetles

  • OrganicSpinosad or kaolin clay - label use only· every 1 wk · ~2 wksmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    For heavy pressure on seedlings, a labeled spinosad or kaolin-clay product helps. Follow the label.

    Always follow the product label — it is the law.

    Source: UMN Extension

Aphids

Pestlow

Symptoms: clusters of tiny soft-bodied insects on new growth and undersides; sticky honeydew or sooty mold; curled distorted new leaves; ants tending them

  • CulturalBlast off with water· every 3 days · ~2 wksstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Knock colonies off with a strong jet of water in the morning; repeat every few days. Light infestations rarely need more.

    Source: UC IPM: Aphids

  • OrganicInsecticidal soap - label use only· every 1 wk · ~3 wksmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    For persistent colonies apply insecticidal soap to undersides per label. Avoid open flowers.

    Always follow the product label — it is the law.

    Source: UC IPM

Bolting (premature flowering)

Disorderlow

Symptoms: plant sends up a tall central flower stalk; leaves turn bitter; growth turns leggy; happens during heat and long days in lettuce, spinach, and brassicas

Earwigs

Pestlow

Symptoms: ragged irregular holes in leaves and seedlings; chewed flower petals; damage to soft fruit; pincered insects hiding in dark moist spots; feeding noticed mainly overnight

  • CulturalTrap and remove· every 1 days · ~2 wksstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Set rolled damp newspaper, low tuna-style cans of oil, or short tubes near plants at dusk, then dump trapped earwigs into soapy water each morning; reduce mulch and damp hiding spots near vulnerable seedlings.

    Source: UC IPM

  • OrganicApply a bait only if damage persists· every 1 wkmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    Established plants usually tolerate earwigs, which also eat aphids; if seedlings are being destroyed, a spinosad-based bait labeled for earwigs can help per the label.

    Always follow the product label — it is the law.

    Source: UC IPM

Edema (oedema)

Disorderlow

Symptoms: small watery blisters or bumps on leaf undersides; corky tan or brown scabby spots on leaves and stems; yellow flecking on upper leaf surface; worse in cool cloudy humid spells; not spreading plant to plant

Lettuce & cabbage tipburn

Disorderlow

Symptoms: brown, dried margins on young inner leaves; scorched leaf edges inside the head; appears during fast growth and moisture swings; not spreading like a disease

Nitrogen deficiency

Deficiencylow

Symptoms: oldest leaves uniformly pale yellow; plant pale and slow overall; common in containers and after heavy rain

  • CulturalFeed with balanced fertilizer· every 2 wks · ~4 wksstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Apply a balanced organic fertilizer or fish emulsion; new growth greens up within ~2 weeks. Don't overcorrect.

    Source: UMass Extension

Read: diagnosing leaf spots & yellowing

Transplant shock

Disorderlow

Unusual this time of year.

Symptoms: wilting or drooping right after transplanting; stalled growth for days after setting out; leaf scorch or edge browning on new transplants; temporary yellowing; recovery once roots establish

  • CulturalWater in well and provide shade· every 1 days · ~1 wksstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Water transplants in thoroughly at planting and keep the root zone evenly moist for the first week or two, and provide temporary shade during hot, sunny, or windy spells to reduce stress while roots establish.

    Source: UMN Extension; Missouri Botanical Garden

  • CulturalHarden off and plant gently next timestrong evidence — extension confidence

    Most plants recover on their own; to prevent recurrence, harden off seedlings before planting, set them out in mild weather or evening, and avoid disturbing the roots when transplanting.

    Source: UMN Extension