Skip to main content
← All plants

Endive

Cichorium endivia
Also known as: Escarole, Frisée, Curly Endive, Broad-Leaved Endive

Endive is a vegetable in the Asteraceae family. It grows best in full sun to part shade with medium moisture, and is listed for USDA zones 3-9. Plants reach harvest about 41–104 days after planting and sit about 12 inches apart.

Varieties

16 from High Mowing, True Leaf Market & Seeds Now · sorted by days to maturity
  • Benefine Frisée41–55 days

    Très Fine Maraîchère Frisée-type; Spring/summer production; Slow to bolt

    Exquisite heads of deeply cut leaves with self-blanching, creamy hearts. A beautiful frisée-type chicory with excellent resistance to tip burn and good bolt tolerance. Plants grow in gorgeous, thin heads that are highly uniform and self-blanching in the heart to reveal tender, sweet leaves that are perfect for salads. From Vitalis Organic Seeds. Available as pelleted seed.

    Growing notes: Days to maturity are from transplant for chicories (endives, escaroles, puntarelles and radicchios) and from direct seeding for all others. Cultivated Chicory is derived from wild chicory, Cichorium intybus. In the United States, the term “chicory” refers to all vegetables in the Cichorium genus GREENS ENDIVE - Cichorium endiva 1970 Frisée 35 days baby, 60 full size OP • Baby or full sized leaves Frilly endive with finely cut leaves and blanched interior sprigs. A signature salad mix ingredient. Similar to Très Fine Maraîchère but a bit less frilly. Grow as a baby leaf or leaf lettuce; plant at high density or cover centers for well blanched, tender sprigs. 23M seeds/oz. 2006P Benefine Frisée 48 days full size OP • Très Fine Maraîchère Frisée-type • Spring/summer production • Slow to bolt Exquisite heads of deeply cut leaves with self-blanching, creamy hearts. A beautiful frisée-type chicory with excellent resistance to tip burn and good bolt tolerance. Plants grow in gorgeous, thin heads that are highly uniform and self-blanching in the heart to reveal tender, sweet leaves that are perfect for salads. From Vitalis Organic Seeds. Available as pelleted seed. 2007P Curlesi 52 days full size OP • Compact growth habit • Heat tolerant • Self blanching Compact, ruffled heads with an upright growth habit and excellent self-blanching at maturity. Adaptable endive variety that has strong tip burn resistance and is slow to bolt in hot weather. Heads are beautiful with an upright growth habit, reducing exposure to bottom rot and increasing the coverage of internal leaves, leading to dense, self-blanched hearts. Plants are compact, perfect for tight spacings. From Vitalis Organic Seeds. Available as pelleted seed. ESCAROLE - Cichorium endiva 2008P Eliance 50 days full size OP • Field and greenhouse • Bolt resistant • All season production Smooth-leaved endive with upright growth habit for field or greenhouse production. Heads are smooth, uniform and elegant with long, narrow and flexible internal leaves. Grown in greenhouses for its early maturity, plants are self-blanching with resilient bases. Excellent flavor and tenderness for salads. From Vitalis Organic Seeds. Available as pelleted seed. PUNTARELLE - Cichorium intybus var. foliosum 2009 Fiamma Verde 65-70 days full size OP • Puntarelle-type • Highly uniform Highly uniform in both plant habit and maturity, upright full stems are gorgeous with exceptional flavor. The crunchy stems of the puntarelle appear as sprouts with dandelion shaped leaves and are pleasantly bitter and tender, perfect for fresh eating. When preparing, they can be allowed to rest in ice water for an hour to temper bitterness. Transplant seedlings 28-30 days after seeding. From Smarties.bio. Eliance Escarole Curlesi Endive Fiamma Verde Puntarelle Frisée Endive including radicchio, escarole, endive, and puntarelle. Within each type of chicory, there are several sub-types.

    View on High Mowing
  • Eliance42–58 days

    Field and greenhouse; Bolt resistant; All season production

    Smooth-leaved endive with upright growth habit for field or greenhouse production. Heads are smooth, uniform and elegant with long, narrow and flexible internal leaves. Grown in greenhouses for its early maturity, plants are self-blanching with resilient bases. Excellent flavor and tenderness for salads. From Vitalis Organic Seeds. Available as pelleted seed

    Growing notes: Days to maturity are from transplant for chicories (endives, escaroles, puntarelles and radicchios) and from direct seeding for all others. Cultivated Chicory is derived from wild chicory, Cichorium intybus. In the United States, the term “chicory” refers to all vegetables in the Cichorium genus GREENS ENDIVE - Cichorium endiva 1970 Frisée 35 days baby, 60 full size OP • Baby or full sized leaves Frilly endive with finely cut leaves and blanched interior sprigs. A signature salad mix ingredient. Similar to Très Fine Maraîchère but a bit less frilly. Grow as a baby leaf or leaf lettuce; plant at high density or cover centers for well blanched, tender sprigs. 23M seeds/oz. 2006P Benefine Frisée 48 days full size OP • Très Fine Maraîchère Frisée-type • Spring/summer production • Slow to bolt Exquisite heads of deeply cut leaves with self-blanching, creamy hearts. A beautiful frisée-type chicory with excellent resistance to tip burn and good bolt tolerance. Plants grow in gorgeous, thin heads that are highly uniform and self-blanching in the heart to reveal tender, sweet leaves that are perfect for salads. From Vitalis Organic Seeds. Available as pelleted seed. 2007P Curlesi 52 days full size OP • Compact growth habit • Heat tolerant • Self blanching Compact, ruffled heads with an upright growth habit and excellent self-blanching at maturity. Adaptable endive variety that has strong tip burn resistance and is slow to bolt in hot weather. Heads are beautiful with an upright growth habit, reducing exposure to bottom rot and increasing the coverage of internal leaves, leading to dense, self-blanched hearts. Plants are compact, perfect for tight spacings. From Vitalis Organic Seeds. Available as pelleted seed. ESCAROLE - Cichorium endiva 2008P Eliance 50 days full size OP • Field and greenhouse • Bolt resistant • All season production Smooth-leaved endive with upright growth habit for field or greenhouse production. Heads are smooth, uniform and elegant with long, narrow and flexible internal leaves. Grown in greenhouses for its early maturity, plants are self-blanching with resilient bases. Excellent flavor and tenderness for salads. From Vitalis Organic Seeds. Available as pelleted seed. PUNTARELLE - Cichorium intybus var. foliosum 2009 Fiamma Verde 65-70 days full size OP • Puntarelle-type • Highly uniform Highly uniform in both plant habit and maturity, upright full stems are gorgeous with exceptional flavor. The crunchy stems of the puntarelle appear as sprouts with dandelion shaped leaves and are pleasantly bitter and tender, perfect for fresh eating. When preparing, they can be allowed to rest in ice water for an hour to temper bitterness. Transplant seedlings 28-30 days after seeding. From Smarties.bio. Eliance Escarole Curlesi Endive Fiamma Verde Puntarelle Frisée Endive including radicchio, escarole, endive, and puntarelle. Within each type of chicory, there are several sub-types.

    View on High Mowing
  • Frisee (Organic)42–58 days

    Heirloom; Organic; Non-GMO; Container; Vegetable; Annual

    Organic Frisee Endive Seeds. 50 days to maturity. Chicorium endiva. Heirloom, Non-GMO, Annual. Finely cut leaves add beauty and body to salads blanch by tying the heads with a broad rubber band. Frisse endive grows best in cool conditions. Approx. 11,200 Seeds/oz.

    View on True Leaf Market
  • Tres Fine42–70 days

    Heirloom; Non-GMO; Container; Vegetable; Annual

    Tres Fine endive plants are fast growing and do the best in the spring or fall, when the weather is cooler. Plants grow 8-12‚ tall and produce thin curled yellow-green leaves. Plant seeds directly outside ¼‚ deep in fertile soil, and thin them after a few weeks to be 6-8‚ apart. ~ 11,200 Seeds / Oz.

    View on True Leaf Market
  • Tres Fine (Organic)42–70 days

    Heirloom; Organic; Non-GMO; Annual

    Organic Tres Fine Endive Seeds. 42 - 70 days to maturity. Chicorium endiva. Heirloom, Non-GMO, Annual. Quick growing miniature French endive narrow finely curled leaves plants 6 inches each way delicate flavor individual servings. ~ 11,200 Seeds / Oz.

    View on True Leaf Market
  • Curlesi44–60 days

    Compact growth habit; Heat tolerant; Self blanching

    Compact, ruffled heads with an upright growth habit and excellent self-blanching at maturity. Adaptable endive variety that has strong tip burn resistance and is slow to bolt in hot weather. Heads are beautiful with an upright growth habit, reducing exposure to bottom rot and increasing the coverage of internal leaves, leading to dense, self-blanched hearts. Plants are compact, perfect for tight spacings. From Vitalis Organic Seeds. Available as pelleted seed

    Growing notes: Days to maturity are from transplant for chicories (endives, escaroles, puntarelles and radicchios) and from direct seeding for all others. Cultivated Chicory is derived from wild chicory, Cichorium intybus. In the United States, the term “chicory” refers to all vegetables in the Cichorium genus GREENS ENDIVE - Cichorium endiva 1970 Frisée 35 days baby, 60 full size OP • Baby or full sized leaves Frilly endive with finely cut leaves and blanched interior sprigs. A signature salad mix ingredient. Similar to Très Fine Maraîchère but a bit less frilly. Grow as a baby leaf or leaf lettuce; plant at high density or cover centers for well blanched, tender sprigs. 23M seeds/oz. 2006P Benefine Frisée 48 days full size OP • Très Fine Maraîchère Frisée-type • Spring/summer production • Slow to bolt Exquisite heads of deeply cut leaves with self-blanching, creamy hearts. A beautiful frisée-type chicory with excellent resistance to tip burn and good bolt tolerance. Plants grow in gorgeous, thin heads that are highly uniform and self-blanching in the heart to reveal tender, sweet leaves that are perfect for salads. From Vitalis Organic Seeds. Available as pelleted seed. 2007P Curlesi 52 days full size OP • Compact growth habit • Heat tolerant • Self blanching Compact, ruffled heads with an upright growth habit and excellent self-blanching at maturity. Adaptable endive variety that has strong tip burn resistance and is slow to bolt in hot weather. Heads are beautiful with an upright growth habit, reducing exposure to bottom rot and increasing the coverage of internal leaves, leading to dense, self-blanched hearts. Plants are compact, perfect for tight spacings. From Vitalis Organic Seeds. Available as pelleted seed. ESCAROLE - Cichorium endiva 2008P Eliance 50 days full size OP • Field and greenhouse • Bolt resistant • All season production Smooth-leaved endive with upright growth habit for field or greenhouse production. Heads are smooth, uniform and elegant with long, narrow and flexible internal leaves. Grown in greenhouses for its early maturity, plants are self-blanching with resilient bases. Excellent flavor and tenderness for salads. From Vitalis Organic Seeds. Available as pelleted seed. PUNTARELLE - Cichorium intybus var. foliosum 2009 Fiamma Verde 65-70 days full size OP • Puntarelle-type • Highly uniform Highly uniform in both plant habit and maturity, upright full stems are gorgeous with exceptional flavor. The crunchy stems of the puntarelle appear as sprouts with dandelion shaped leaves and are pleasantly bitter and tender, perfect for fresh eating. When preparing, they can be allowed to rest in ice water for an hour to temper bitterness. Transplant seedlings 28-30 days after seeding. From Smarties.bio. Eliance Escarole Curlesi Endive Fiamma Verde Puntarelle Frisée Endive including radicchio, escarole, endive, and puntarelle. Within each type of chicory, there are several sub-types.

    View on High Mowing
  • Frisee45–65 days

    Heirloom; Non-GMO; Container; Vegetable; Annual

    Frisee endive grows best in cool conditions. The plant grows 8-12" tall and produces delicate frilly leaves of a yellow-green color. They have a slightly bitter but mild taste that makes them the perfect addition to a mixed greens mix. They are also excellent cooked. Frisee is unique because it is a curly variety of Endive that is still very tender. It will add visual interest to salads but still taste delicious.

    View on True Leaf Market
  • Broadleaf, Classic50–60 days

    Can tolerate hot temperatures; Direct sow; Grows well in full sun; Grows well with containers; Grows well with raised beds; Matures in <90 days; Start indoors; Super easy to grow

    Endive is a leafy vegetable belonging to the daisy family - Endive can be cooked or used raw in salads - Rich in many vitamins and minerals, especially in folate and vitamins A and K, and is high in fiber Days to Maturity | 50-60 days

    View on Seeds Now
  • Gourmet Mix50–75 days

    Heirloom; Non-GMO; Container; Vegetable; Annual

    Gourmet Mix endive and chicory is a great addition to a home garden to get a wide variety of textures and flavors in one go. Sow seeds directly outside in the cooler season of either fall or spring. Read for harvest after 50-75 days. ~ 11,200 Seeds / Oz.

    View on True Leaf Market
  • Salad King50–100 days

    Heirloom; Non-GMO; Container; Vegetable; Annual

    Salad King endive is bolt and frost resistant. Endive taste can be improved when it goes through a frost. Leaves are less bitter when blanched. After 50-100 days, leaves are ready for harvest. Salad King Endive tastes best when harvested in the fall. Harvest when leaves reach their full height, leaving 1" of the plant so that it can grow back. Leaves are most popularly used in salads but are also excellent cooked and used in dishes.

    View on True Leaf Market
  • Frisée51–69 days

    Baby or full sized leaves

    Frilly endive with finely cut leaves and blanched interior sprigs. A signature salad mix ingredient. Similar to Très Fine Maraîchère but a bit less frilly. Grow as a baby leaf or leaf lettuce; plant at high density or cover centers for well blanched, tender sprigs. 23M seeds/oz.

    Growing notes: Days to maturity are from transplant for chicories (endives, escaroles, puntarelles and radicchios) and from direct seeding for all others. Cultivated Chicory is derived from wild chicory, Cichorium intybus. In the United States, the term “chicory” refers to all vegetables in the Cichorium genus GREENS ENDIVE - Cichorium endiva 1970 Frisée 35 days baby, 60 full size OP • Baby or full sized leaves Frilly endive with finely cut leaves and blanched interior sprigs. A signature salad mix ingredient. Similar to Très Fine Maraîchère but a bit less frilly. Grow as a baby leaf or leaf lettuce; plant at high density or cover centers for well blanched, tender sprigs. 23M seeds/oz. 2006P Benefine Frisée 48 days full size OP • Très Fine Maraîchère Frisée-type • Spring/summer production • Slow to bolt Exquisite heads of deeply cut leaves with self-blanching, creamy hearts. A beautiful frisée-type chicory with excellent resistance to tip burn and good bolt tolerance. Plants grow in gorgeous, thin heads that are highly uniform and self-blanching in the heart to reveal tender, sweet leaves that are perfect for salads. From Vitalis Organic Seeds. Available as pelleted seed. 2007P Curlesi 52 days full size OP • Compact growth habit • Heat tolerant • Self blanching Compact, ruffled heads with an upright growth habit and excellent self-blanching at maturity. Adaptable endive variety that has strong tip burn resistance and is slow to bolt in hot weather. Heads are beautiful with an upright growth habit, reducing exposure to bottom rot and increasing the coverage of internal leaves, leading to dense, self-blanched hearts. Plants are compact, perfect for tight spacings. From Vitalis Organic Seeds. Available as pelleted seed. ESCAROLE - Cichorium endiva 2008P Eliance 50 days full size OP • Field and greenhouse • Bolt resistant • All season production Smooth-leaved endive with upright growth habit for field or greenhouse production. Heads are smooth, uniform and elegant with long, narrow and flexible internal leaves. Grown in greenhouses for its early maturity, plants are self-blanching with resilient bases. Excellent flavor and tenderness for salads. From Vitalis Organic Seeds. Available as pelleted seed. PUNTARELLE - Cichorium intybus var. foliosum 2009 Fiamma Verde 65-70 days full size OP • Puntarelle-type • Highly uniform Highly uniform in both plant habit and maturity, upright full stems are gorgeous with exceptional flavor. The crunchy stems of the puntarelle appear as sprouts with dandelion shaped leaves and are pleasantly bitter and tender, perfect for fresh eating. When preparing, they can be allowed to rest in ice water for an hour to temper bitterness. Transplant seedlings 28-30 days after seeding. From Smarties.bio. Eliance Escarole Curlesi Endive Fiamma Verde Puntarelle Frisée Endive including radicchio, escarole, endive, and puntarelle. Within each type of chicory, there are several sub-types.

    View on High Mowing
  • Pancaliere60–75 days

    Non-GMO; Vegetable; Annual

    60-75 Days to maturity. Cichorium endivia crispum. Pancaliere Endive Vegetable Seeds. Non-GMO, annual, open-pollinated seeds. A curled leaf endive from the north of Italy that produces bulky heads with dark green, frizzy edged leaves with pale mid-ribs, and almost self-blanching, creamy white hearts. A RHS Award of Garden Merit winner in 1996. Best as early spring or fall/winter crop where summers are hot. Will overwinter in mild winter areas. Tie up for a week before harvesting to further blanch center leaves. This also improves the slightly bitter flavor.

    View on True Leaf Market
  • Broadleaf Batavian (Organic)68–92 days

    Heirloom; Organic; Container; Vegetable; Annual

    Cichorium endivia. (80 days) Lettuce-like leaves are broad and slightly twisted. Leaves form around 10-12" heads that are tightly packed with a well blanched, creamy heart. Makes an excellent garnish as well.

    View on True Leaf Market
  • Broadleaf Batavian72–98 days

    Heirloom; Non-GMO; Container; Vegetable; Annual

    85 days. Escarole type. Broad, slightly twisted outer leaves form around 12 to 16 inch, tight-packed heads. Very deep heart is well blanched, creamy-white, and buttery. Approx. 16,830 seeds/oz.

    View on True Leaf Market
  • Green Curled Ruffec76–104 days

    Can tolerate hot temperatures; Direct sow; Grows well in full sun; Grows well with containers; Grows well with raised beds; Matures in <90 days; Start indoors; Super easy to grow

    Endive is a healthy and delicious leafy green. The Green Curled Endive plant produces dark green curly leaves with large tender crisp ribs - Excellent salads and sandwiches - Also boiled or steamed - Extremely easy to grow - Endive is rich in many vitamins and minerals, especially in folate and vitamins A and K, and is high in fiber Days to Maturity | 90 days

    View on Seeds Now
  • Broadleaf, Full Heart Batavian80–90 days

    Can tolerate hot temperatures; Direct sow; Grows well in full sun; Grows well with containers; Grows well with raised beds; Matures in <90 days; Start indoors; Super easy to grow

    This plant produces excellent yields of dark green curly leaves with large tender crisp ribs - An excellent choice for salads greens - Endive is rich in many vitamins and minerals, especially in folate and vitamins A and K, and is high in fiber Days to Maturity | 80-90 days

    View on Seeds Now
Family
Asteraceae
Category
Vegetable
Form
Rosette
Lifecycle
annual
Zone
3-9
Height
0.6666666666666666–1.5 ft
Spread
1–1.5 ft
Sun
Full sun to part shade

Plant spacing

1 plant per square footSquare-foot planting diagram: one endive fills a 1-foot square, spaced 12 inches from its neighbors.
1 plant per square foot

In a square-foot bed, space endive about 12 in apart — that fits 1 plant in each 1-foot square (1×1). Wider rows or containers space the same.

Water
Medium

Plan your endive planting

Add endive to a free GardenDraft plan and get sow, transplant, and harvest dates computed for your ZIP code — with a drag-and-drop bed layout and reminders when it’s time to plant.

Start your free plan →

At a glance

Days to harvest
41–104 days
From transplant or sow to first harvest
Harvest style
Keep picking
Crops over several weeks
After harvest
Use within days
Quality eases off after peak
Frost tolerance
Semi-hardy · to ~24°F
Lowest temperature the foliage usually survives
Succession
Re-sow every 14 days
Sow again at this interval for a continuous harvest
Germination
~70%
Typical minimum germination rate

Storing & preserving

Most keep best refrigerated; storage crops prefer a cool, dry spot.

  • Freeze: Blanch briefly, cool, then freeze — keeps color and texture.
  • Can: Pressure-can low-acid vegetables; water-bath only pickled/acidified ones.

General home-preservation guidance — for tested processing times and safety, follow the National Center for Home Food Preservation.

Growing timeline

When to plant and harvest endivePlanting timeline for endive, relative to last frost: start indoors from 9 weeks before last frost to 3 weeks before last frost; grow from 3 weeks before last frost to 3 weeks after last frost; harvest from 3 weeks after last frost to 12 weeks after last frost.Start indoorsGrowHarvestLast frostTransplant
Start endive indoors ~6 weeks before transplanting 3 weeks before last frost; first harvest 3 weeks after last frost.
Seed to transplant
28-42 days
Outdoor planting
-21 to -7 days vs frost
Propagation
Seed
Schedule anchor
Last Frost

Companion planting — with cited sources

From US/Canada cooperative-extension publications and peer-reviewed studies. Evidence-tier dots show how strongly each recommendation is backed: ●●● peer-reviewed mechanism · ●● extension consensus · traditional knowledge with a plausible mechanism.

Pairs well with (2)

  • CarrotEvidence tier C: Traditional practice with plausible mechanism but limited empirical replicationshade-shelter

    Endive's broad rosette shades the soil and helps carrot germination in warm-spring conditions; spatial benefit only.

    Source: University of Maryland Extension

  • Common LettuceEvidence tier C: Traditional practice with plausible mechanism but limited empirical replicationshade-shelter

    Endive and lettuce share cool-season culture and can be intercropped in salad-bed plantings; benefit is harvest scheduling and bed use rather than a documented pest mechanism.

    Source: University of Maryland Extension

Sources cited

S9
University of Maryland Extension — Home & Garden Info Center

Care & troubleshooting— extension-sourced, with citations

When to feed, prune & water

Attract beneficial insects and protect pollinators

Protection
  • Routine carePlant insectary flowers and tolerate light pestsstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Grow a diversity of flowering plants (including small-flowered umbels and asters) to feed predators and parasitoids, and tolerate low pest numbers so natural enemies have prey to stick around.

    Source: UC IPM; UMN Extension

  • Routine careNever spray open bloomsstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Avoid insecticides on flowering plants and apply any needed sprays in the evening when pollinators aren't active, and favor selective products over broad-spectrum ones to spare bees and beneficials.

    Source: UC IPM

Mulch to suppress weeds and retain moisture

Mulch
  • Routine careApply organic mulch around plantsstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Spread a few inches of straw, shredded leaves, or compost around established plants (keeping it off stems) to hold soil moisture, suppress weeds, and moderate soil temperature; wait until soil has warmed for heat-loving crops.

    Source: UMN Extension; Missouri Botanical Garden

Protect the garden from rabbits and voles

Protection
  • Routine careFence out rabbitsstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Surround beds with 1-inch mesh chicken wire at least 2 feet tall with the bottom buried or staked down a few inches so rabbits can't push under it.

    Source: UMN Extension; Cornell CCE

  • Routine careReduce vole habitat and guard stemsstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Keep grass and mulch pulled back from plant bases and crowns to remove vole cover, mow surrounding vegetation, and use hardware-cloth guards around vulnerable woody stems before winter.

    Source: UMN Extension; Cornell CCE

Clean up debris and sanitize at season end

Sanitation

Unusual this time of year.

  • Routine careRemove spent plants and fallen debrisstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Pull and clear old plants, dropped fruit, and leaf litter at season end, since many pests and diseases overwinter in this debris; dispose of diseased material rather than composting it.

    Source: UMN Extension; Cornell

  • Routine careClean tools, stakes, and cagesmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    Wash and sanitize stakes, cages, and tools that touched diseased plants before storing or reusing them to avoid carrying pathogens into next season.

    Source: Cornell; UMN Extension

Harden off seedlings

Protection

Unusual this time of year.

Read: starting seeds indoors

Succession-sow quick crops

Care

Unusual this time of year.

Something looks wrong?

Describe what you see on your endiveand we'll rank the likely causes — most likely first, least-invasive fix first.

Tomato spotted wilt virus

Virussevere

Symptoms: bronzing or purpling of young leaves; ringspots and concentric rings on leaves and fruit; one-sided or stunted growth; dark streaks on stems; mottled or blotchy ripening fruit

  • CulturalRemove infected plants (cannot be cured)strong evidence — extension confidence

    There is no cure once a plant is infected, so promptly pull and dispose of symptomatic plants to reduce the virus reservoir that thrips spread to healthy plants.

    Source: UC IPM; UMN Extension

  • CulturalStart clean and control weeds and thripsstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Use virus- and thrips-free transplants, choose resistant varieties (Sw-5 tomatoes, Tsw peppers) where available, and control weeds around the garden that harbor both virus and thrips vectors.

    Source: UC IPM; UF/IFAS

Read: diagnosing leaf spots & yellowing

White mold (Sclerotinia stem rot)

Diseasesevere

Symptoms: water-soaked stem or branch lesions; fluffy white cottony mold on stems and pods; sudden wilting of part of a plant; hard black sclerotia inside or on stems; collapse during cool wet bloom periods

  • CulturalRemove infected plants (manage, not cure)strong evidence — extension confidence

    There's no cure for an infected plant; cut out and bag affected plants including the black sclerotia, and don't compost them, since sclerotia survive years in soil.

    Source: UMN Extension; UC IPM

  • CulturalOpen the canopy and rotatestrong evidence — extension confidence

    Space plants widely, control weeds, orient rows to prevailing wind, and avoid overhead watering at bloom to dry the canopy; rotate to non-host crops (corn or other grasses) for several years.

    Source: UMN Extension; UC IPM

  • CulturalWater at the base, not overheadmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    Use drip or soaker irrigation to keep foliage and the soil surface drier, which discourages the sclerotia germination and mycelial growth that drive white mold.

    Source: UC IPM

Botrytis gray mold

Diseasemoderate

Symptoms: fuzzy gray-brown mold on leaves, stems, flowers, or fruit; soft watery rot on fruit and blossoms; dieback from cut or wounded stems; mold spreading in cool humid still conditions; blighted flowers that fail to set

  • CulturalRemove infected tissue and old blossomsstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Prune out moldy leaves, stems, and fruit and clear fallen blossoms and debris where the fungus gets started, disposing of them rather than composting.

    Source: UMN Extension; Cornell

  • CulturalImprove airflow and reduce leaf wetnessstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Space and stake plants for good air movement, water at the base in the morning, and harvest ripe fruit promptly so botrytis has fewer cool, humid, wet surfaces to colonize.

    Source: UMN Extension; Cornell

Japanese beetles

Pestmoderate

Symptoms: leaves skeletonized between veins; lacy chewed foliage; metallic green-bronze beetles clustered on plants; feeding worst in warm midsummer sun

Leafhoppers & aster yellows

Diseasemoderate

Symptoms: small wedge-shaped insects hop from leaves; stippled or yellowed foliage; with aster yellows: yellow stunted growth, witches-broom of thin shoots, deformed bitter carrots

Powdery mildew

Diseasemoderate

Symptoms: white powdery coating on upper leaf surfaces; starts as spots then spreads; leaves yellow and dry under the coating

  • CulturalImprove airflow + remove worst leavesstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Cut out the most heavily coated leaves and thin for airflow; avoid wetting foliage late in the day.

    Source: UC IPM

  • OrganicPotassium-bicarbonate or sulfur - label use only· every 1 wk · ~4 wksmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    Apply a labeled potassium-bicarbonate or sulfur fungicide weekly per the label. No sulfur within 2 weeks of oil or in high heat.

    Always follow the product label — it is the law.

    Source: UC IPM

Root rot from overwatering / poor drainage

Diseasemoderate

Symptoms: stunted yellowing plants that wilt despite wet soil; soft brown mushy roots; sloughing root outer layer leaving thread-like core; poor growth in low or compacted wet spots; seedlings collapsing at the soil line

Slugs & snails

Pestmoderate

Symptoms: large ragged holes with smooth edges; slimy silvery trails; damage worst after rain and overnight

  • CulturalTrap, hand-pick at night, reduce cover· every 2 days · ~3 wksstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Pick at night with a flashlight, set shallow beer traps, water in the morning so soil dries by dusk, and clear damp hiding spots.

    Source: UC IPM: Snails and Slugs

  • OrganicIron-phosphate bait - label use only· every 1 wk · ~3 wksmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    Scatter a labeled iron-phosphate slug bait sparingly per the label; it's pet- and wildlife-safer than metaldehyde.

    Always follow the product label — it is the law.

    Source: UC IPM

Tarnished plant bug / lygus

Pestmoderate

Symptoms: deformed or puckered new growth; pitted or scarred stems and leaves; aborted or misshapen buds and fruit; catfaced or dimpled strawberries; small bronze-green bugs with triangular back marking

  • CulturalManage surrounding weedsstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Keep broadleaf weeds mowed or removed around the garden, since lygus build up on flowering weeds and move to crops as those weeds dry down; avoid mowing large weedy areas right beside fruiting crops at bloom.

    Source: UC IPM

  • CulturalVacuum or shake plants to monitor and reduce· every 5 daysmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    Tap plants over a light-colored tray to check for nymphs; a handheld vacuum used once or twice weekly can hold low to moderate numbers down on small plantings.

    Source: UC IPM

  • OrganicTreat nymphs if damage is building· every 1 wkmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    For active nymph infestations, azadirachtin or a Beauveria bassiana product can give some control per the label; preserve the parasitic wasps and other natural enemies that help suppress lygus.

    Always follow the product label — it is the law.

    Source: UC IPM

Whiteflies

Pestmoderate

Symptoms: clouds of tiny white insects fly up when plants are disturbed; yellowing stippled leaves; sticky honeydew and black sooty mold; weak stunted growth

  • CulturalRemove infested leaves and hose off· every 4 daysmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    Pick off and discard heavily infested lower leaves and rinse colonies off undersides with a strong spray of water; yellow sticky cards help monitor numbers.

    Source: UC IPM: Whiteflies

  • OrganicApply a labeled soap or oil· every 1 wk · ~3 wksmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    Apply a labeled insecticidal soap or neem oil per the label, covering leaf undersides; these reduce but won't eliminate whiteflies, so repeat as needed.

    Always follow the product label — it is the law.

    Source: UC IPM: Whiteflies

Cutworms

Pestmoderate

Unusual this time of year.

Symptoms: seedlings cut off at soil line; transplants toppled overnight; wilted clipped plants in a row; chewed stems near ground; gray-brown caterpillars curled in soil

  • CulturalPlace stem collars on transplantsstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Push a collar (cardboard tube, can, or cup with bottom removed) a couple inches into the soil around each stem so it extends a few inches above ground; this blocks cutworms from reaching the stem.

    Source: UMN Extension: Cutworms; UC IPM: Cutworms

  • CulturalScout soil and hand-remove· every 3 days · ~2 wksstrong evidence — extension confidence

    In the evening or early morning, check the soil around damaged plants and remove curled larvae by hand; tilling beds about two weeks before planting also reduces larvae and pupae.

    Source: UMN Extension: Cutworms; UC IPM: Cutworms

  • OrganicApply a labeled Bt or spinosad· every 1 wk · ~3 wksmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    If damage continues, apply a labeled Bacillus thuringiensis (kurstaki) or spinosad product per the label, targeting small larvae; Bt works best on young first- and second-instar cutworms.

    Always follow the product label — it is the law.

    Source: UC IPM: Cutworms

Aphids

Pestlow

Symptoms: clusters of tiny soft-bodied insects on new growth and undersides; sticky honeydew or sooty mold; curled distorted new leaves; ants tending them

  • CulturalBlast off with water· every 3 days · ~2 wksstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Knock colonies off with a strong jet of water in the morning; repeat every few days. Light infestations rarely need more.

    Source: UC IPM: Aphids

  • OrganicInsecticidal soap - label use only· every 1 wk · ~3 wksmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    For persistent colonies apply insecticidal soap to undersides per label. Avoid open flowers.

    Always follow the product label — it is the law.

    Source: UC IPM

Bolting (premature flowering)

Disorderlow

Symptoms: plant sends up a tall central flower stalk; leaves turn bitter; growth turns leggy; happens during heat and long days in lettuce, spinach, and brassicas

Earwigs

Pestlow

Symptoms: ragged irregular holes in leaves and seedlings; chewed flower petals; damage to soft fruit; pincered insects hiding in dark moist spots; feeding noticed mainly overnight

  • CulturalTrap and remove· every 1 days · ~2 wksstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Set rolled damp newspaper, low tuna-style cans of oil, or short tubes near plants at dusk, then dump trapped earwigs into soapy water each morning; reduce mulch and damp hiding spots near vulnerable seedlings.

    Source: UC IPM

  • OrganicApply a bait only if damage persists· every 1 wkmoderate evidence — extension confidence

    Established plants usually tolerate earwigs, which also eat aphids; if seedlings are being destroyed, a spinosad-based bait labeled for earwigs can help per the label.

    Always follow the product label — it is the law.

    Source: UC IPM

Transplant shock

Disorderlow

Unusual this time of year.

Symptoms: wilting or drooping right after transplanting; stalled growth for days after setting out; leaf scorch or edge browning on new transplants; temporary yellowing; recovery once roots establish

  • CulturalWater in well and provide shade· every 1 days · ~1 wksstrong evidence — extension confidence

    Water transplants in thoroughly at planting and keep the root zone evenly moist for the first week or two, and provide temporary shade during hot, sunny, or windy spells to reduce stress while roots establish.

    Source: UMN Extension; Missouri Botanical Garden

  • CulturalHarden off and plant gently next timestrong evidence — extension confidence

    Most plants recover on their own; to prevent recurrence, harden off seedlings before planting, set them out in mild weather or evening, and avoid disturbing the roots when transplanting.

    Source: UMN Extension